Computational cryptography › Not live yet › Hash-based
SIGNATUREPlanned, not live yetPlanned: K*

leanXMSS attestations

In plain words

Planned for around 2029: validators vote with quantum-safe, hash-based signatures merged by leanVM.

Why it matters: Consensus would no longer depend on anything a quantum computer can break.

The details

On the map: hash-based signatures aggregated in leanVM, replaces BLS

Map note, rests on: hash security + one signature per slot + sound aggregation

Strawmap fork K* (around 2029)[1]: validators attest with hash-based XMSS-style signatures, aggregated into one leanVM proof[2], replacing BLS entirely in consensus.

It rests on hash security, on never signing twice per slot, and on leanVM aggregation being sound. With it, consensus no longer depends on any assumption Shor's algorithm breaks.

Rests on

If any of these breaks, this breaks too.

If it falls

If this breaks, these break with it.

Nothing on the map depends on it: it is an end point of the roadmap.

On the roadmap

Next-step links, not dependencies: these don't fall together.

References

  1. Justin Drake, Julian Ma, Toni Wahrstätter and Vitalik Buterin. L1 Strawmap: Ethereum Draft Roadmap. Ethereum Foundation Protocol, 2026. strawmap.org
  2. Justin Drake, Dmitry Khovratovich, Mikhail Kudinov and Benedikt Wagner. Hash-Based Multi-Signatures for Post-Quantum Ethereum. IACR Cryptology ePrint Archive, Paper 2025/055. eprint.iacr.org/2025/055